Which of the following can improve retention of information during exam preparation?

Taking breaks and spacing out study sessions is a highly effective strategy for improving retention of information during exam preparation. This method is aligned with the concept known as "distributed practice," which suggests that learning is more effective when spread out over time rather than crammed in a single session. By allowing for breaks, students give their brains time to process and consolidate the information they have been studying.

Additionally, spaced study sessions facilitate the retrieval of information from memory, which strengthens neural connections. This helps move information from short-term to long-term memory, ultimately enhancing recall during exams. By incorporating breaks, students can also reduce cognitive fatigue, allowing them to maintain focus and concentration for longer periods.

The other strategies, such as studying only the night before or reading passively without engagement, typically lead to poorer retention, as they do not allow adequate time for processing or understanding the material. Similarly, while some might find listening to music helpful, it generally does not provide the same level of cognitive benefit as actively managing study time with breaks and spaced practice.